盐胁迫条件下骆驼刺与绿豆光合日变化特征及午休现象的成因

为了研究盐生豆科植物骆驼刺与盐敏感植物绿豆在盐胁迫下光合日变化与光合“午休”现象的成因,在网室培养,并用0 mmol•L^-1(对照)、50 mmol•L^-1、100mmol•L^-1、200 mmol•L^-1 NaCl处理2周,测定光合作用日变化、叶绿素含量和Rubisco大亚基基因的表达等参数。结果表明：未经盐处理时,骆驼刺和绿豆光合日变化均呈单峰型;经盐处理后,两者光合日变化响应有明显差异。骆驼刺50～200 mmol•L^-1NaCl处理后,其净光合速率（Pn）均比未处理(对照)上升速率快,而其他处理峰值与对照之间没有显著差异;绿豆对照光合速率的上升则比盐处理的快,盐处理光合速率峰值低于对照。骆驼刺50 mmol•L^-1、100 mmol•L^-1和绿豆50 mmol•L^-1处理Pn没有出现“午休”现象,而骆驼刺200 mmol•L^-1处理与绿豆100 mmol•L^-1处理出现“午休”现象。骆驼刺在重度盐胁迫下,由于气孔导度（Gs）下降而引起轻微的“午休”现象,而盐处理绿豆中Rubisco被抑制,对Pn 午休的贡献比其Gs的贡献更为显著。在绿豆中大亚基基因（rbcL）的表达量随着盐胁迫的提高而下降。骆驼刺中rbcL的表达在50 mmol•L^-1和100 mmol•L^-1处理下有所增加,而在200 mmol•L^-1处理显著降低。绿豆和骆驼刺的总叶绿素含量及其Chl a/b比值的动态变化表明,绿豆PSI复合体下降速率较PSII快;与此相反,骆驼刺盐处理后PSI复合体浓度的增加却比PSII复合体快。     

Influence of a marine algae supplementation on the oxidative status of plasma in dairy cows during the periparturient period

This study was part of a larger study that addressed the effects of marine algae (ALG) supplementation in the ration of high yielding periparturient dairy cows. The objectives were to induce milk fat depression (MFD) in early lactation by feeding docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) from ALG and to determine the effects on milk production, milk components and metabolic status early post partum. This study focuses on the oxidative status in the plasma during the ALG supplementation. Plasma samples were collected from 16 Holstein Friesian cows at the day of parturition and at −1, 2, 4 and 6 weeks relative to calving with half of the cows receiving the ALG supplement (44 g DHA/d) from 3 weeks pre partum on. The following parameters were measured in plasma: ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), α-tocopherol level, glutathione peroxidase activity (GSH-Px) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) concentration. There was a significant effect of time for FRAP and α-tocopherol indicating changes in the plasma oxidative status around parturition. The ALG supplementation was successful in creating a milk fat depression (MFD) but could not improve the energy balance. Feeding of ALG significantly increased lipid peroxidation as measured by TBARS, probably through their high content of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids.     

洞庭湖区滩地及稻田洼地资源分布研究

洞庭湖是我国第二大淡水湖,也是承接湘、资、沅、澧四水和吞吐长江洪道调蓄型湖泊。随着三峡的建成,以及全球气候的变化,湖区受到洪水及干旱季节交替变化,呈现涨水为湖,落水为洲的变化规律,稻田洼地及滩地的面积伴随着改变。但是对于其时空分布规律、与水位变化的关系及资源总量没有确切的数据。而系统地掌握其演替规律,对洞庭湖生态经济区的建设与发展意义重大。因此,本研究利用1996—2016年的18期Landsat TM遥感影像数据,提取三峡建成前后,洞庭湖区滩地及稻田洼地面积,结合城陵矶水文及气象数据,分析洞庭湖区水面、水陆交错带滩地及稻田洼地资源的时空演变规律。结果显示：湖区滩地平均面积为21.93×10⁴ hm²,空间上呈聚集型分布与湖堤内、湖岸带及三口四水的河堤内,三峡蓄水前（23.27×10⁴ hm²）较蓄水后（21.26×10⁴ hm²）减幅达8.62%,面积东洞庭（12.43× 10⁴ hm²）>南洞庭（5.71×10⁴ hm²）>西洞庭（3.80×10⁴ hm²）,与行政区划面积正相关,年际变化与湖区水位变化呈负相关的变化规律;稻田洼地平均面积为4.75×10⁴ hm²,空间上呈随机且较均匀斑块分布于湖区围湖造田后形成的堤垸及三口四水冲积而成的湖盆地内,远离湖心的区域,蓄水前（5.14×10⁴ hm²）较蓄水后（4.56×10⁴ hm²）减幅达11.34%,面积岳阳市（2.29×10⁴ hm²）>常德市（1.61×10⁴ hm²）>益阳市（0.85×10⁴ hm²）。各县级行政区划的滩地及稻田洼地在三峡建成前后减幅明显;采用Pearson相关性分析及主成分分析可知,影响滩地及稻田洼地分布因子可分为2个主成分,第一主成分为“枯水期”性状,包括冬季月平均温度、冬季水位、冬季降雨量、稻田洼地面积及冬季流量等指标;第二主成分可称“丰水期”性状,包括夏季月平均温度、夏季流量、夏季水位、滩地面积、夏季降雨量等指标,构建的分析模型较可靠,能为湖区滩地及稻田洼地综合利用提供较好的理论基础。     

Using Cs‐137 fingerprinting technique to estimate sediment deposition and erosion rates from Yongkang depression in the karst region of Southwest China

Understanding the erosion and deposition rates is very important for designing soil and water conservation measures. However, existing methods of assessing the rates of soil loss present many limitations and are difficult to apply to in karst areas, and there is still very little data in this areas. Karst depressions comprise geomorphologically important sources and sinks for sediments and can provide the long‐term history records of environmental changes. But there have been few similar studies focused on its sediments in the world. In this paper, the Cs‐137 technique was employed to estimate the sediment deposition rate of karst depression to assess the surface erosion. The results indicate that the average deposition rate, deposition amount and specific deposit yield for the Yongkang catchments since 1963 were estimated to be 4·32 mm y⁻¹, 3·16 t y⁻¹and 20·53 t km⁻² y⁻¹, respectively. The results obtained were consistent with the actual monitoring data of local runoff plots, and confirm the validity of the overall approach. So it was suggested that the mean specific sediment yields of 20 t km⁻² y⁻¹ can be representative of the soil loss rates in the regions. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

不同土地利用方式对高原喀斯特洼地土壤主要特性的影响

[目的]研究不同土地利用方式对高原喀斯特洼地土壤主要特性的影响。[方法]通过1∶10000地形图对特定高原喀斯特洼地不同土地利用方式进行划分与归类,分层取样分析土壤剖面特性、理化性质变化。[结果]土层（A＋B层）厚度的变化趋势为坡耕（退耕林）地〉天然林地〉人工林地〉灌木林地,土壤剖面特征、水源涵养、颗粒组成、土壤肥力与肥力有效性的相关指标在不同利用方式间发生了相似或相异的规律性变化。土壤综合质量指数的变化趋势为耕地〉退耕林地〉坡耕地、天然林地〉人工林地。耕地土壤综合质量最高,是自然成土和人为经营的结果。3～5年的退耕林地土壤综合质量高于坡耕地,表明造林措施是改善喀斯特洼地坡耕地土壤质量的有效手段。天然林土壤综合质量高于人工林地,这为利用＂近自然经营＂技术改善喀斯特洼地土壤质量提供了依据。[结论]该研究可为喀斯特地区石漠化的生物治理、土壤质量演化的生物学控制技术提供理论依据。     

Workplace stress, mental health, and burnout of veterinarians in Australia

Objective To determine the frequency of the states of depression, anxiety, stress and burnout using internationally validated methods and to relate these to the demographic characteristics of veterinarians in Australia. Methods A postal survey of registered veterinarians with at least one year's experience and whose address was available; 1947 returned the questionnaire providing data for analysis. Results Overall, veterinarians describe higher levels of depression, anxiety, stress and burnout than the general population. The severity of these states was determined by gender, background, type of practice and years after graduation. Conclusions Modifying the curricula of veterinary schools to include the teaching of personal cognitive and coping skills to undergraduate veterinary students, the provision of the opportunity to enhance these skills throughout their veterinary career and changes in the veterinary workplace could result in improved mental health, increased job engagement and work satisfaction.     

共轭亚油酸对免疫应激仔猪生长抑制的缓解作用

试验选用 72头 (2 8± 2 )d断奶的仔猪 ,采用 2× 2因子试验设计 ,研究共轭亚油酸 (CLA)是否有缓解仔猪免疫应激的作用。结果显示 ,添加CLA缓解了因注射脂多糖 (LPS)引起的日增重降低 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,并改善了试验全期的饲料转化效率 (P <0 .0 5 )。两次LPS刺激后 ,CLA抑制 (P <0 .0 5 )了由LPS诱导的血浆白细胞介素 6 (IL 6 )、肿瘤坏死因子 α(TNF α)和α 乙酰糖蛋白 (AGP)浓度的上升。在第 14d和 2 1d ,LPS刺激提高 (P <0 .0 5 )了血浆IL 1β和皮质醇含量 ,而CLA则降低了IL 1β和皮质醇含量。本试验证明 ,CLA能缓解免疫应激引起的仔猪生长抑制 ,其防止免疫应激诱导的生长抑制作用可能与CLA抑制炎性细胞因子的分泌有关     

Relationship between inbreeding and milk production traits in two Italian dairy sheep breeds

The effects of inbreeding in livestock species breeds have been well documented and they have a negative impact on profitability. The objective of this study was to evaluate the levels of inbreeding in Sarda (SAR, n = 785) and Valle del Belice (VdB, n = 473) dairy sheep breeds and their impact on milk production traits. Two inbreeding coefficients (F) were estimated: using pedigree (F_PED), or runs of homozygosity (ROH; F_ROH) at different minimum ROH lengths and different ROH classes. After the quality control, 38,779 single nucleotide polymorphisms remained for further analyses. A mixed-linear model was used to evaluate the impact of inbreeding coefficients on production traits within each breed. VdB showed higher inbreeding coefficients compared to SAR, with both breeds showing lower estimates as the minimum ROH length increased. Significant inbreeding depression was found only for milk yield, with a loss of around 7 g/day (for SAR) and 9 g/day (VdB) for a 1% increase of F_ROH. The present study confirms how the use of genomic information can be used to manage intra-breed diversity and to calculate the effects of inbreeding on phenotypic traits.     

多功能减压管在立筒仓和浅圆仓中的应用

在立筒仓及浅圆仓中安装多功能通风熏蒸减压降碎装置,可以有效降低粮食入库破碎率,减少自动分级影响,减缓出库时粮堆整体移动产生的动载荷,保护仓内设施,延长筒仓及浅圆仓使用寿命.同时利用多功能减压管进行内环流熏蒸及通风降温降湿进一步完善了立筒仓及浅圆仓储粮性能,提高了储粮稳定性.     

Heterosis and inbreeding depression in forage rape (Brassica napus L.)

Summary Heterosis and inbreeding depression for total fresh and dry weights were studied over two seasons in 15 crosses of six cultivars of forage rape (Brassica napus L.). Some of the hybrids exhibited considerable heterosis over both mid-parent and better parent; followed by depression in the F₂. The cross Windal × Canard had 62% and 25% greater dry matter yield over the best cultivar used in this experiment in 1978 and 1979, respectively. Possibilities of the utilization of this hybrid superiority are discussed.